材料性质_(热力学)
热力学上的“材料性质”一词指某种给定材料的内禀性质,它们多与热力学势的二阶偏导数有着直接联系。对于一个简单的单组分系统,常见的材料性质有:
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![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/15a96ea39298c9e5efcc52adb15454b4e7245806.svg)
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/7bde37230578ec22757cab74e9502720e26ff9fd.svg)
- 比热 (注:或称摩尔热容,该量是个强度性质,与之相对应的广延性质是热容)
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![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/dd56e4f0624d67b4b147210699bd23ffcbcac9ed.svg)
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/c8ae6182f41441bf1406283f7d9bc2d1816446fe.svg)
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/0afa0e339c65502595279dc2c8bf2905ae27f70a.svg)
热力学 |
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![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png.webp) |
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比热容 |
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428.svg) |
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631.svg) |
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压缩性 |
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3.svg) |
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372.svg) |
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热膨胀 |
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7.svg) |
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg) | ![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631.svg) |
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内能![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6.svg)
焓![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3.svg)
亥姆霍兹自由能![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0.svg)
吉布斯能![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4.svg)
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以上各式中,
为压强,
为体积,
为热力学温度,
为熵,
为粒子总数。
对于单组分系统,所有热力学势的二阶导数中只有三个是独立的。因此只要任意给定上述性质中的三个,其余各量就均可由它们推出。对一个单组分系统,一般是选择等温压缩率
、等压摩尔热容
和热膨胀系数
这三个性质。
以下两个方程展示了几个材料性质之间的关系:
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/d20a62cb72b05c75e96bdc4bf563afb1523b32f5.svg)
![](https://moenest.com/kexue/pic/f55b9509c20ca5cc74dd382a9720072c5a793907.svg)
另外,不考虑其系数的话,上述三个作为“标准”的热力学性质实际上恰是吉布斯能对温度和压强两个参数所能求得的三个二阶偏导数。
来源
互联网上有一些关于材料热力学性质的数据库,例如多特蒙德数据库。
参见纯物质热力学数据库。
参考文献
Callen, Herbert B. 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1985. ISBN 0-471-86256-8.