空间群

在数学和物理学中，空间群（space group）是空间中（通常是三维空间）一种形态的空间对称群。在三维空间中有219种不同的类型，或230种不同的手性类型。对超过三维的空间中的空间群也有研究，它们有时被称作比贝尔巴赫群，并且是离散的紧群，具有欧氏空间的等距同构。

在晶体学中，空间群也被称为费奥多罗夫群，是对晶体对称型的一种描述。三维空间群的权威参考文献是《国际晶体学表》。

三维的空间群

#	晶系 (count) Bravais lattice	点群					空间群 (国际短符号)
#	晶系 (count) Bravais lattice	国际符号	Schön.	Orbifold	Cox.	Ord.	空间群 (国际短符号)
1	三斜晶系 (2)	1	C₁	11	⁺	1	P1
2	三斜晶系 (2)	1	C_i	1×		2	P1
3–5	单斜晶系 (13)	2	C₂	22	⁺	2	P2, P2₁ C2
6–9		m	C_s	*11		2	Pm, Pc Cm, Cc
10–15		2/m	C_2h	2*		4	P2/m, P2₁/m C2/m, P2/c, P2₁/c C2/c
16–24	正交晶系 (59)	222	D₂	222	⁺	4	P222, P222₁, P2₁2₁2, P2₁2₁2₁, C222₁, C222, F222, I222, I2₁2₁2₁
25–46		mm2	C_2v	*22		4	Pmm2, Pmc2₁, Pcc2, Pma2, Pca2₁, Pnc2, Pmn2₁, Pba2, Pna2₁, Pnn2 Cmm2, Cmc2₁, Ccc2, Amm2, Aem2, Ama2, Aea2 Fmm2, Fdd2 Imm2, Iba2, Ima2
47–74		mmm	D_2h	*222		8	Pmmm, Pnnn, Pccm, Pban, Pmma, Pnna, Pmna, Pcca, Pbam, Pccn, Pbcm, Pnnm, Pmmn, Pbcn, Pbca, Pnma Cmcm, Cmce, Cmmm, Cccm, Cmme, Ccce Fmmm, Fddd Immm, Ibam, Ibca, Imma
75–80	四方晶系 (68)	4	C₄	44	⁺	4	P4, P4₁, P4₂, P4₃, I4, I4₁
81–82		4	S₄	2×		4	P4, I4
83–88		4/m	C_4h	4*		8	P4/m, P4₂/m, P4/n, P4₂/n I4/m, I4₁/a
89–98		422	D₄	224	⁺	8	P422, P42₁2, P4₁22, P4₁2₁2, P4₂22, P4₂2₁2, P4₃22, P4₃2₁2 I422, I4₁22
99–110		4mm	C_4v	*44		8	P4mm, P4bm, P4₂cm, P4₂nm, P4cc, P4nc, P4₂mc, P4₂bc I4mm, I4cm, I4₁md, I4₁cd
111–122		42m	D_2d	2*2		8	P42m, P42c, P42₁m, P42₁c, P4m2, P4c2, P4b2, P4n2 I4m2, I4c2, I42m, I42d
123–142		4/mmm	D_4h	*224		16	P4/mmm, P4/mcc, P4/nbm, P4/nnc, P4/mbm, P4/mnc, P4/nmm, P4/ncc, P4₂/mmc, P4₂/mcm, P4₂/nbc, P4₂/nnm, P4₂/mbc, P4₂/mnm, P4₂/nmc, P4₂/ncm I4/mmm, I4/mcm, I4₁/amd, I4₁/acd
143–146	三方晶系 (25)	3	C₃	33	⁺	3	P3, P3₁, P3₂ R3
147–148		3	S₆	3×		6	P3, R3
149–155		32	D₃	223	⁺	6	P312, P321, P3₁12, P3₁21, P3₂12, P3₂21 R32
156–161		3m	C_3v	*33		6	P3m1, P31m, P3c1, P31c R3m, R3c
162–167		3m	D_3d	2*3		12	P31m, P31c, P3m1, P3c1 R3m, R3c
168–173	六方晶系 (27)	6	C₆	66	⁺	6	P6, P6₁, P6₅, P6₂, P6₄, P6₃
174		6	C_3h	3*		6	P6
175–176		6/m	C_6h	6*		12	P6/m, P6₃/m
177–182		622	D₆	226	⁺	12	P622, P6₁22, P6₅22, P6₂22, P6₄22, P6₃22
183–186		6mm	C_6v	*66		12	P6mm, P6cc, P6₃cm, P6₃mc
187–190		6m2	D_3h	*223		12	P6m2, P6c2, P62m, P62c
191–194		6/mmm	D_6h	*226		24	P6/mmm, P6/mcc, P6₃/mcm, P6₃/mmc
195–199	立方晶系 (36)	23	T	332	⁺	12	P23, F23, I23 P2₁3, I2₁3
200–206		m3	T_h	3*2		24	Pm3, Pn3, Fm3, Fd3, Im3, Pa3, Ia3
207–214		432	O	432	⁺	24	P432, P4₂32 F432, F4₁32 I432 P4₃32, P4₁32, I4₁32
215–220		43m	T_d	*332		24	P43m, F43m, I43m P43n, F43c, I43d
221–230		m3m	O_h	*432		48	Pm3m, Pn3n, Pm3n, Pn3m Fm3m, Fm3c, Fd3m, Fd3c Im3m, Ia3d

注: e 面是双滑移面，是在两个不同方向的滑移，存在于七个正交群，五个四方群和五个立方群中，都具有含有中心的晶格，官方的符号为e

参考资料

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外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：空间群

International Union of Crystallography （页面存档备份，存于）
Point Groups and Bravais Lattices
Bilbao Crystallographic Server
Space Group Info (old)
Space Group Info (new)
Crystal Lattice Structures: Index by Space Group
Full list of 230 crystallographic space groups
Interactive 3D visualization of all 230 crystallographic space groups
Huson, Daniel H., (PDF), 1999
The Geometry Center: 2.1 Formulas for Symmetries in Cartesian Coordinates (two dimensions)
The Geometry Center: 10.1 Formulas for Symmetries in Cartesian Coordinates (three dimensions)

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